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招搖撞騙罪 -招搖撞騙罪量刑標準

發布日期:2024-02-19 閱讀:387

什么是招搖撞騙罪

招搖撞騙罪是指為謀取非法利益,假冒國家機關工作人員的身份或職稱,進行詐騙,損害國家機關的威信及其正常活動的行為。

 

招搖撞騙罪構成要件

 

一、客體要件

 

本罪侵犯的客體是國家機關的威信及其正常活動。這是本罪同侵犯財產權利的詐騙罪的主要區別之一。盡管行為人的撞騙行為也可能騙取財物,但由于行為人采用的是冒充國家機關工作人員的手段致使人民群眾以為這些不法行為是國家機關工作人員所為,因而直接破壞了國家機關的威信及其正常的活動。這也是本罪特殊的、實質的危害所在。

 

二、客觀要件

 

本罪在客觀方面表現為行為人具有冒充國家機關工作人員的身份或職稱,進行詐騙的行為。

 

1、行為人必須具有冒充國家機關工作人員的身份或者職稱的行為。

 

所謂冒充國家機關工作人員的身份或者職稱,不單是指非國家機關工作人員冒充國家機關工作人員,而且也包括此種國家機關工作人員冒充他種國家機關工作人員的身份或者職稱,例如普通機關的行政干部冒充公安機關的干部,普通國家干部冒充高級職務的國家干部等。如果行為人冒充的是非國家工作人員的身份,如冒充黨團員、高干子弟、烈士子弟、私營或集體企業單位的管理人員、采購員等,進行招搖撞騙活動的,不能構成本罪,達到犯罪程度的可能構成詐騙罪或其他犯罪。

 

2、行為人必須具有招搖撞騙的行為,即行為人要以假冒國家機關工作人員身份或職稱,招搖炫耀,利用人民群眾對國家機關工作人員的信任,實施了騙取非法利益的行為。所謂招搖撞騙,通俗地講就是到處行騙,因而構成犯罪的行為一般都具有連續性、多次性的特點。如果行為人只有一次這種行為的,原則上不宜以犯罪論處。上述兩種要素必須同時具備并存在有機的聯系,才符合招搖撞騙的客觀要求。如果行為人出于虛榮心僅僅冒充國家機關工作人員的身份或職稱,但并未借此實施騙取非法利益的行為壞構成招搖撞騙罪。如果行為人既有冒充國家機關工作人員的身份或職稱,但并未借此實施騙取非法利益的行為,不構成招搖撞騙罪。如果行為人既有冒充國家工作人員的行為,又有騙取非法利益的行為,但騙取非法利益的行為未以冒充國家機關工作人員為手段的,即兩行為之間不存在有機聯系的,也不構成招搖撞騙罪,其騙取非法利益的行為可能構成其他犯罪。

 

三、主體要件

 

本罪的主體為一般主體,即任何達到刑事責任年齡,具備刑事責任能力的人都可以成為本罪的主體。非國家工作人員和國家工作人員均可構成本罪。

 

四、主觀要件

 

本罪在主觀方面只能是出于故意,其犯罪目的是為了謀取非法利益。這里所說的非法利益,不單指物質利益,也包括各種非物質利益,例如,為了騙取某種政治待遇或者榮譽待遇,甚至是為了騙取 "愛情",玩弄異性等。但本罪的主觀惡性一般限制在“騙”的范圍內,如果行為人主觀上具有搶劫、強奸的故意,冒充國家機關工作人員只是一種給受害人心理上造成威脅,使之不敢反抗的手段,那就是一種更為嚴重的犯罪了。例如冒充緝私人員,威脅走私分子交出走私物品;冒充司法人員,逼迫被告人家屬與之發生性關系等,都應分別以搶劫罪、強奸罪等論處。如果不只有謀取非法利益的目的,例如,行為人冒充國家機關工作人員只是出于虛榮心的,單純為了達到與他人結婚的目的而冒充國家機關工作人員的,為了順利住宿或購買車船票而冒充國家機關工作人員身份的,都不構成本罪。

 

招搖撞騙罪認定

 

(一)本罪與詐騙罪的界限

 

這兩種犯罪都表現為欺騙行為,而且招搖撞騙罪也可以如詐騙罪那樣騙取財物,因而容易混淆。

 

兩者的區別:

 

1、侵害的客體不同。招搖撞騙罪侵犯的客體主要是國家機關的威信及其正常活動;而詐騙罪侵犯的客體僅限于公私財產權利。

 

2、行為手段不同。招搖撞騙罪的手段只限于冒充國家機關工作人員的身份或職稱進行詐騙;詐騙罪的手段并無此限制,而可以利用任何虛構事實、隱瞞真相的手段和方式進行。

 

3、犯罪的主觀目的不同。詐騙罪的犯罪目的,是希望非法占有公私財物;而招搖撞騙罪的犯罪目的,是追求非法利益,其內容較詐騙罪的目的廣泛一些,它可以包括非法占有公私財物,也可以包括其他非法利益。

 

4、構成犯罪有無數額限制的不同。只有詐騙數額較大以上的公私財物的,才可構成詐騙罪;而法律對冒充國家機關工作人員招搖撞騙罪的構成并無數額較大的要求,這是因為,這種犯罪未必一定表現為詐騙財物,而有可能是騙取其他非法利益,其嚴重的社會危害性,首先和集中地表現為由特定的犯罪手段所決定的對國家機關的威信和正常活動的破壞。

 

盡管招搖撞騙罪與詐騙罪有上述區別,但在行為人冒充國家工作人員的身份或職稱去騙取財物的情況下,一個行為同時觸犯了兩個罪名,屬于想象競合犯。處理想象競合犯的案件應當按照從一重罪處斷的原則。結合這兩個罪名的法定刑及這種犯罪的實際情況,一般認為,應該區分騙取財物是否屬于數額巨大等情況分別對待,并貫徹從一重罪處斷的原則:

 

(1)往騙取財物未達數額巨大的情況下,詐騙罪在犯罪構成上有數額較大的條件限制,法定最高刑是3年以下有期徒刑;而招搖撞騙罪在構成上無數額較大的限制,其法定最高刑是l0年有期徒刑。顯而易見,后者重于前者,因此這時應以招搖撞騙罪論處。

 

(2)在騙取財物數額巨大或者其他嚴重情節的情況下,招搖撞騙罪最重的量刑幅度是3年以上10年以下有期徒刑,而詐騙罪也是3年以上10年以下有期徒刑,如果是數額特別巨大或者有其他特別嚴重情節的,最高可達無期徒刑,顯然詐騙罪重于招搖撞騙罪。因此,在冒充國家機關工作人員騙取財物數額巨大的情況下,這種犯罪行為已不再能為招搖撞騙罪所包括,而應適用想象數罪從一重罪處斷的原則,以詐騙罪定罪量刑。

 

(二)本罪與敲詐勒索罪的界限

 

1、招搖撞騙罪是以 "騙"為特征的,被害人在受騙后往往是自愿"交出財物或出讓其他合法權益。而敲詐勒索罪,雖然也有"詐"的成份,但卻是以"恫嚇"被害人為特征,即對財物的持有者施以恫嚇,造成其精神上的恐懼,出于無奈,被迫交出財物習出讓其他合法權益。這是兩者最主要的區別。

 

2、招搖撞騙罪侵犯的客體是社會管理秩序,是國家機關的威信及其正常的活動,其直接侵犯的不僅可能是財產權,也可能是公共利益和公民的其他合法權益。而敲詐勒索罪侵犯的客體只能是公私財產所有權。

 

招搖撞騙罪量刑標準

1、冒充國家機關工作人員招搖撞騙的,處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權利;情節嚴重的,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

2、冒充人民警察招搖撞騙的,依照上述規定從重處罰。

 

招搖撞騙罪立案標準

冒棄國家工作人員進行招搖撞騙的,應當立案。

本罪屬于行為犯,只要行為人冒充國家工作人員進行招搖撞就應當以犯罪論處,應當立案偵查。

 

 

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