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利用未公開信息交易罪

發(fā)布日期:2024-01-30 閱讀:516

什么是利用未公開信息交易罪

 

利用未公開信息交易罪,是指證券交易所、期貨交易所、證券公司、期貨經(jīng)紀公司、基金管理公司、商業(yè)銀行、保險公司等金融機構的從業(yè)人員以及有關監(jiān)管部門或者行業(yè)協(xié)會的工作人員,利用因職務便利獲取的內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開的信息,違反規(guī)定,從事與該信息相關的證券、期貨交易活動,或者明示、暗示他人從事相關交易活動,情節(jié)嚴重的行為。

 

利用未公開信息交易罪構成要件

 

一、客體要件

 

犯罪客體。該罪與內(nèi)幕交易罪相似,侵犯的客體都是國家對證券交易管理制度和投資者的合法權益。行為人利用未公開信息優(yōu)勢進行信息不對稱的交易,不僅是違反信息披露制度的行為,也是違反證券市場的交易公平基本原則的行為。證券市場上的各種信息是投資者進行投資決策的基本依據(jù),投資者對信息了解、掌握和運用的程度,直接關系到自身的利益,利用非公開信息交易雖然在程序上與正常的交易程序相同,也是到市場上公開買賣證券,但由于一部分人利用未公開信息,先行一步對市場做出反應,因此,利用未公開信息交易與內(nèi)幕交易一樣都直接違反了公平、公正、公開原則和誠信原則,嚴重損害了廣大投資者利益。

 

二、客觀要件

 

犯罪的客觀方面。該罪的客觀方面表現(xiàn)為利用因職務便利獲取的內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開的信息,違反規(guī)定,從事與該信息相關的證券、期貨交易活動,或者明示、暗示他人從事相關交易活動的行為。

 

三、主體要件

 

犯罪主體。利用未公開信息交易罪的犯罪主體是特殊主體,主要包括兩個方面,一是證券交易所、期貨交易所、證券公司、期貨經(jīng)紀公司、基金管理公司、商業(yè)銀行、保險公司等金融機構的從業(yè)人員;二是有關監(jiān)管部門或者行業(yè)協(xié)會的工作人員,這里“有關監(jiān)管部門”包括證監(jiān)會、銀監(jiān)會和保監(jiān)會等;行業(yè)協(xié)會包括證券業(yè)協(xié)會、銀行業(yè)協(xié)會和保險業(yè)協(xié)會等。

 

四、主觀要件

 

犯罪主觀方面。利用未公開信息交易的主觀方面應當表現(xiàn)為故意,即明知是未公開信息,而積極利用此信息進行證券交易或者明示、暗示他人進行相關交易。過失不構成該罪,如犯罪主體不慎將未公開信息泄露,導致信息獲取者進行證券交易,則不能按暗示他人進行證券交易來追究其刑事責任。

 

利用未公開信息交易罪認定

 

一、“未公開信息”的認定問題

 

根據(jù)刑法對利用未公開信息罪罪狀的描述,具備主體資格的人員“利用因職務便利獲取的內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開信息”,從事非法交易活動,情節(jié)嚴重的,構成該罪。該條文采用了排除性的方式,把內(nèi)幕信息以外的適格主體利用職務便利所獲取的信息都列入了本罪未公開信息的范圍。概念的外延無限廣泛,而概念的內(nèi)涵卻是空白,這就為司法實踐中如何判斷是否該罪應規(guī)制的未公開信息帶來困難。

 

從立法目的和該條款與其他條款相協(xié)調(diào)性出發(fā),“其他未公開信息”應從以下幾方面認定:

 

第一、應與內(nèi)幕信息具有同等市場價值。既然法條在定義中引用了“內(nèi)幕信息”的概念,說明該等信息對于金融市場具有與內(nèi)幕信息同等的重要性,利用該“其他未公開信息”的行為與利用內(nèi)幕信息交易行為具有大體同等的社會危害性。內(nèi)幕信息是對證券期貨市場價格有重大影響的信息,同樣“其他未公開信息”也應該是對市場有重大影響,能夠影響相關證券期貨特定交易品種價格變動的重大信息。

 

第二、應與內(nèi)幕信息具有同樣的尚未公開的特征。內(nèi)幕信息是法律要求以特定方式特定時間公開的信息,內(nèi)幕信息在公開以法定形式披露之前屬于保密信息。“其他未公開信息”雖然法律并不要求以特定方式披露,但根據(jù)市場交易規(guī)則和交易行為性質(zhì),該信息只能由特定人員知悉,由交易行為在市場中逐漸釋放。利用職務便利知悉“其他未公開信息”的人員有義務保守秘密,不得利用和泄露。

 

第三、“未公開信息”是內(nèi)幕信息以外的信息,是不屬于內(nèi)幕信息的信息。內(nèi)幕信息一般是指證券的公開發(fā)行者即上市公司的重大事件或重大經(jīng)營管理信息,《證券法》第75條以列舉加概括的方式作了明確規(guī)定。“未公開信息”僅指除此之外的影響證券價格的重大信息。

 

第四、“未公開信息”具有時效性。未公開信息應是指未公開信息形成之后,即影響資本市場價格的重大投資決策等已經(jīng)最終確定,至該信息在資本市場釋放前的信息。在此時間內(nèi)未公開信息具有保密性。

 

二、違法所得如何認定的問題

違法所得對于利用未公開信息罪來說,既是判斷是否情節(jié)嚴重的重要依據(jù)(決定是否構成犯罪),也是判處罰金的數(shù)額依據(jù)(一倍以上五倍以下),還影響著五年以下有期徒刑范圍內(nèi)刑期長短的裁量。而且違法所得對內(nèi)幕交易罪、泄露內(nèi)幕信息罪有著同樣的意義。

 

司法機關在確定違法所得的金額時,均是按照行為人利用未公開信息買入和賣出相關證券品種的價差來計算。

 

一是此種計算方法可能放縱犯罪行為。行為人在利用未公開信息買入股票后,如果遇到股價下跌的市場行情就可能虧損而沒有違法所得,尤其是買入和賣出時間相隔較久容易出現(xiàn)虧損情況,在這種情況下就無法追究行為人的刑事責任。而實際上行為人由于先于公司買入其虧損價格肯定低于公司的虧損價格,行為人也是獲益的。而且根據(jù)刑法180條的規(guī)定,該罪名的成立并不以行為人獲利為前提,只要行為人實施了利用未公開信息進行了交易行為,情節(jié)嚴重的就構成犯罪。實踐中行政執(zhí)法部門和司法部門對未贏利的違法犯罪行為未予追究,就是這種計算方式的必然結果。如此處理有違法律的規(guī)定。

 

二是此種計算方法忽略了利用未公開信息賣出的行為。利用未公開信息交易的行為不僅包括買入行為,還包括利用未公開信息的賣出行為。

 

三是此種計算方法不符合違法所得這一法律概念的本義。刑法上所謂的違法所得應是指犯罪行為所直接導致的行為人的獲利,即犯罪行為和違法所得之間應具有直接的因果關系。而行為人利用未公開信息買入后至賣出前證券價格的變化,摻雜了市場變化、送配股等多種因素,往往不是犯罪行為一個因素導致,甚至和犯罪行為無關聯(lián)。行為人在基金公司賣出后仍持有該股票,則該股票在基金公司賣出后的增值與否與犯罪行為無關或部分無關。

 

四是此種計算方法不符合法理。該罪名規(guī)范的是利用未公開信息交易的行為,一旦該行為實施,即應由刑法180條予以規(guī)范,但采取此方法,該利用未公開信息的行為是否應予刑法規(guī)范還要看行為人何時賣出股票及以何種價格賣出股票,賣出后獲利則構成犯罪,賣出后虧損則不構成犯罪。賣出行為及賣出的時機左右著犯罪行為是否被追究,切斷了犯罪行為和刑事處罰之間的必然性。

 

鑒于上述原因,違法所得額應區(qū)分買入和賣出兩種情況分別計算:

 

1、如果行為人利用未公開信息買入證券,計算違法所得,應以行為人利用未公開信息交易買入的平均價格與未公開信息所屬的投資機構買入同一只證券的最高價格之差,再乘以行為人買入的總股數(shù)來計算。即違法所得額=(機構買入的最高價-行為人買入的平均價)X行為人買入的數(shù)量。

 

2、如果行為人利用未公開信息賣出證券,計算違法所得額應以行為人賣出的平均價與公司賣出同一只證券的最低價之間的差額,再乘以行為人賣出的總股數(shù)來計算。即違法所得額=(行為人賣出的平均價-機構賣出的最低價)X行為人賣出的數(shù)量。

 

行為人利用未公開信息買入和賣出證券按上述方法計算的獲利的總額,即為違法所得額。

上述計算方法同樣適用于內(nèi)幕交易罪,并且同樣適用于證券市場和期貨市場。

 

 

利用未公開信息交易罪量刑標準

 

證券交易所、期貨交易所、證券公司、期貨經(jīng)紀公司、基金管理公司、商業(yè)銀行、保險公司等金融機構的從業(yè)人員以及有關監(jiān)管部門或者行業(yè)協(xié)會的工作人員,利用因職務便利獲取的內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開的信息,違反規(guī)定,從事與該信息相關的證券、期貨交易活動,或者明示、暗示他人從事相關交易活動,情節(jié)嚴重的,處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并處或者單處違法所得一倍以上五倍以下罰金。

 

 

利用未公開信息交易罪立案標準

 

證券交易所、期貨交易所、證券公司、期貨公司、基金管理公司、商業(yè)銀行、保險公司等金融機構的從業(yè)人員以及有關監(jiān)管部門或者行業(yè)協(xié)會的工作人員,利用因職務便利獲取的內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開的信息,違反規(guī)定,從事與該信息相關的證券、期貨交易活動,或者明示、暗示他人從事相關交易活動,涉嫌下列情形之一的,應予立案追訴:

 

(一) 證券交易成交額累計在五十萬元以上的;

(二) 期貨交易占用保證金數(shù)額累計在三十萬元以上的;

(三) 獲利或者避免損失數(shù)額累計在十五萬元以上的;

(四) 多次利用內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開信息進行交易活動的;

(五) 其他情節(jié)嚴重的情形。

 

 

利用未公開信息交易罪法條及司法解釋

 

《最高人民檢察院公安部關于公安機關管轄的刑事案件立案追訴標準的規(guī)定(二)》第三十六條 [利用未公開信息交易案(刑法第一百八十條第四款)]證券交易所、期貨交易所、證券公司、期貨公司、基金管理公司、商業(yè)銀行、保險公司等金融機構的從業(yè)人員以及有關監(jiān)管部門或者行業(yè)協(xié)會的工作人員,利用因職務便利獲取的內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開的信息,違反規(guī)定,從事與該信息相關的證券、期貨交易活動,或者明示、暗示他人從事相關交易活動,涉嫌下列情形之一的,應予立案追訴:

 

(一) 證券交易成交額累計在五十萬元以上的;

(二) 期貨交易占用保證金數(shù)額累計在三十萬元以上的;

(三) 獲利或者避免損失數(shù)額累計在十五萬元以上的;

(四) 多次利用內(nèi)幕信息以外的其他未公開信息進行交易活動的;

(五) 其他情節(jié)嚴重的情形。

 

 

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