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違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪

發(fā)布日期:2024-02-20 閱讀:626

什么是違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪

違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪,是指林業(yè)主管部門的工作人員違反森林法的規(guī)定,超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額發(fā)放采伐許可證或者違反規(guī)定濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的行為。

 

違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪的構(gòu)成要件

(一)客體要件

 

本罪侵害的客體是國家的林業(yè)管理制度,具體地是指國家審核發(fā)放林木采伐許可證部門對許可證的正常管理活動。

 

森林作為一種重要環(huán)境資源,它是構(gòu)成人類生存環(huán)境的基本要素,既有經(jīng)濟效益,也有生態(tài)效益。林木是國家進行四化建設(shè)和人民生活不可缺少的重要自然資源,同時,森林在自然界的物質(zhì)循環(huán)能量轉(zhuǎn)化過程中起著主要的作用,它能吸收二氧化碳、釋放氧氣和貯存水分,可以調(diào)節(jié)氣候,凈化空氣,蓄水保土,防止水土流失和旱澇災(zāi)害;防風(fēng)固沙、減少土地沙漠化;降低噪音、美化環(huán)境,為各種野生動物提供休養(yǎng)生息的場所。可見,森林與國計民生、工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)等有著十分密切的關(guān)系。

 

鑒于森林的作用與地位,國家對森林的采伐實行限量采伐的保護性措施,以保護森林的再生能力。采伐林木必須嚴(yán)格按照國家審批限額予以采伐,同時必須申請采伐許可證并對之實行統(tǒng)一管理,而長期以來由于對森林資源的經(jīng)濟效益和環(huán)境效益缺乏全面的認識,片面注意經(jīng)濟效益而出現(xiàn)濫伐森林的現(xiàn)象,并且日趨嚴(yán)重。更有甚者,有的單位或個人擅自倒賣、偽造林木采伐許可證,破壞國家對森林的限額采伐。本法規(guī)定本罪具有特殊意義,對于適用法律武器特別是刑罰手段打擊超發(fā)、濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證的違法犯罪行為不僅必要,也有利于我國對森林資源采伐的統(tǒng)一管理。

 

(二)客觀要件

 

本罪在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為違反森林法的規(guī)定超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額發(fā)放林木許可證或者違反規(guī)定濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。

 

第一,行為人必須有違反森林法規(guī)定的行為。違反森林法的規(guī)定,主要是指違反我國《森林法》及其《實施細則》中有關(guān)森林年采伐限額的制定和審批、采伐森林和林木的范圍與方式、林木采伐許可證的申請與核發(fā)職權(quán)等方面的規(guī)定。

 

第二,行為必須具有超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額發(fā)放林木采伐許可證或者違反規(guī)定濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證的行為。

 

年采伐限額,是指國家根據(jù)合理經(jīng)營、永續(xù)利用的原則對森林和林木實行的每年限制采伐的控制指標(biāo)。根據(jù)《森林法實施細則》第16條規(guī)定,全民所有的森林和林木以國營林業(yè)局、國有林場、農(nóng)場、廠礦為單位,集體所有的森林和林木以縣為單位,根據(jù)合理經(jīng)營、永續(xù)利用,用材林的消耗量低于生長量的原則,提出年森林采伐限額指標(biāo),逐級上報,由省、自治區(qū)、直轄市林業(yè)主管部門匯兌、平衡,經(jīng)同級人民政府審核后,報國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)。除了用材來的成熟林和過熟林蓄積量超過用材林的總蓄積量的三份之二的個別省和自治區(qū)以外,其他省、自治區(qū)、直轄市都必須按用材林的消耗量低于生長量的原則,核定年森林采伐量。該細則第18條還規(guī)定,凡采伐全民所有制單位經(jīng)營、集體所有制單位所有的森林和林木以及農(nóng)民村民自留山的林木,都必須納入國家的年度木材生產(chǎn)計劃,但采伐農(nóng)村居民自留山的薪炭林除外。

 

林木采伐許可證,是指國家林業(yè)行政主管部門,根據(jù)需要采伐林木的單位或個人的申請,經(jīng)審查核實后而簽發(fā)的允許采伐林木的證明,主要包括準(zhǔn)許采伐的樹種、數(shù)量(蓄積)、面積、方式、時間、地點以及完成更新造林的期限等內(nèi)容,是單位、個人采伐林木的法律憑證,凡采伐林木郁必須申請林木采伐許可證,但農(nóng)村居民采伐自留地和房前屋后個人所有的零星林木以及采伐竹子和不是以生產(chǎn)竹材為主要目的竹林除外,遇有緊急搶險情況,必須就地采伐林木的,也可以免除申請林木采伐許可證,但事后組織搶險的單位和部門應(yīng)當(dāng)將采伐情況報當(dāng)?shù)乜h級以上林業(yè)主管部門備案。林木采伐許可證的審核簽發(fā),對鐵路、公路的防護林和城鎮(zhèn)林木的更新采伐,由有關(guān)主管部門進行;農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟組織采伐林木、由縣級林業(yè)主管部門進行;農(nóng)村居民采伐自留山和個人承包集體的林木,由縣級林業(yè)主管部門或者委托的鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)人民政府進行。縣屬國營林場的機關(guān)、團體、學(xué)校,由所在地的縣林業(yè)主管部門核發(fā);省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和設(shè)區(qū)的市、自治州所屬的國營林業(yè)局、國有林場、其他國有企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位和部隊,由所在地的省、自治區(qū)、直轄市林業(yè)主管部門或其授權(quán)的單位核發(fā)采伐許可證;林業(yè)部直屬的國營林業(yè)局,由林業(yè)部或者授權(quán)的單位核發(fā)。國有林業(yè)企業(yè)事業(yè)單位申請采伐許可證時,必須提出伐區(qū)調(diào)查設(shè)計文件和上年度更新驗收證明。其他單位申請采伐許可證時,必須提出有關(guān)采伐的目的、地點、林種、林況、面積、蓄積、方式和更新措施等內(nèi)容的文件、部隊還應(yīng)提交師級以上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機關(guān)同意采伐的文件,個人則必須提交包括采伐的地點、面積、樹種、株數(shù)、蓄積、更新時間等內(nèi)容的文件。

 

超過批準(zhǔn)的采伐限額發(fā)放林木采伐許可證,是指明知國家批準(zhǔn)的林木年采伐限額已經(jīng)屆滿,仍然繼續(xù)發(fā)放采伐許可證。違反規(guī)定濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,是指超越自己的職權(quán)或者明知他人采伐許可證申請的內(nèi)容不符合法律規(guī)定仍然予以批準(zhǔn)而發(fā)給采伐許可證。

 

第三,濫用職權(quán)、濫發(fā)采伐許可證的行為,必須情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的,才構(gòu)成本罪。

 

根據(jù)最高人民檢察院發(fā)布施行的《關(guān)于人民檢察院直接受理立案偵查案件立案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定》的規(guī)定,涉嫌下列情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案:

 

1、發(fā)放林木采伐許可證允許采伐數(shù)量累計越過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額,導(dǎo)致林木被伐數(shù)量超過10立方米的;

 

2、濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致林木被濫伐20立方米以上的;

 

3、濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致珍貴樹木被濫伐的;

 

4、批準(zhǔn)采伐國家禁止采伐的林木,情節(jié)惡劣的;

 

5、其他情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的情形。

 

(三)主體要件

 

本罪的主體是特殊主體、即是林業(yè)主管部門的工作人員,其他部門的工作人員不能構(gòu)成本罪。林業(yè)主管部門是從中央到地力各級人民政府中的林業(yè)管理部門、如林業(yè)部等。

 

(四)主觀要件

 

本罪在主觀方面表現(xiàn)為過失,故意不構(gòu)成本罪,也就是說,行為人對于其行為所造成的重大損失結(jié)果,在主觀上并不是出于故意而是由于過失造成的。也就是他而當(dāng)知道自己超發(fā)、濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,可能會發(fā)生一定的社會危害結(jié)果,但是他疏忽大意而沒有預(yù)見,或者是雖然已經(jīng)預(yù)見到可能會發(fā)生,但他憑借著自己的知識或者經(jīng)驗而輕信可以避免、以致發(fā)生了造成嚴(yán)重損失的危害結(jié)果,行為人主觀上的過失是針對造成重大損失的結(jié)果而言,但并不排斥行為人對違反森林法規(guī)定或?qū)Τl(fā)、濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證則可能是故意的情形。如果行為人在主觀上對于危害結(jié)果的發(fā)生不是出于過失,而是出于故意,不僅預(yù)見到,而且希望或者放任它的發(fā)生,那就不屬于玩忽職守的犯罪行為、而構(gòu)成其他的故意犯罪。

 

違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪認定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

行為人收受賄賂后違法實施本罪行為,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,造成森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的,同時觸犯受賄罪與本罪,為牽連犯罪,應(yīng)擇一重罪從重處罰。

 

違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪的量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

林業(yè)主管部門的工作人員違反森林法的規(guī)定,超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額發(fā)放林木采伐許可證或者違反規(guī)定濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的,處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

 

違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪的立案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

涉嫌下列情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案:

 

1.發(fā)放林木采伐許可證允許采伐數(shù)量累計超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額,導(dǎo)致林木被代數(shù)量超過10立方米的;

 

2.濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致林木被濫伐20立方米以上的;

 

3.濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致珍貴樹木被濫伐的;

 

4.批準(zhǔn)采伐國家禁止采伐的林木,情節(jié)惡劣的;

 

5.其他情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的情形。

 

違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪的法條及司法解釋

一、最高人民法院《關(guān)于審理破壞森林資源刑事案件具體應(yīng)用法律若干問題的解釋》

 

第十二條 林業(yè)主管部門的工作人員違反森林法的規(guī)定,超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額發(fā)放林木采伐許可證或者違反規(guī)定濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,具有下列情形之一的,屬于刑法第四百零七條規(guī)定的“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞”,以違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪定罪處罰:

 

(一)發(fā)放林木采伐許可證允許采伐數(shù)量累計超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額,導(dǎo)致林木被采伐數(shù)量在十立方米以上的;

 

(二)濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致林木被濫伐。十立方米以上時;

 

(三)濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致珍貴樹木被濫伐的;

 

(四)批準(zhǔn)采伐國家禁止采伐的林木,情節(jié)惡劣的;

 

(五)其他情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的情形。

 

第十七條 本解釋規(guī)定的林木數(shù)量以立木蓄積計算,計算方法為:原木材積除以該樹種的出材率。

 

本解釋所稱“幼樹”,是指胸徑五厘米以下的樹木。濫伐林木的數(shù)量,應(yīng)在伐區(qū)調(diào)查設(shè)計允許的誤差額以上計算。

 

二、最高人民檢察院《關(guān)于人民檢察院直接受理立案偵查案件立案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定》

 

違法發(fā)放林木采伐許可證罪是指林業(yè)主管部門的工作人員違反森林法的規(guī)定,超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額發(fā)放林木采伐許可證或者違反規(guī)定濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的行為。

 

涉嫌下列情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案:

 

1.發(fā)放林木采伐許可證允許采伐數(shù)量累計超過批準(zhǔn)的年采伐限額,導(dǎo)致林木被代數(shù)量超過10立方米的;

 

2.濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致林木被濫伐20立方米以上的;

 

3.濫發(fā)林木采伐許可證,導(dǎo)致珍貴樹木被濫伐的;

 

4.批準(zhǔn)采伐國家禁止采伐的林木,情節(jié)惡劣的;

 

5. 其他情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,致使森林遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的情形。

 

 

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