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搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪

發(fā)布日期:2024-01-29 閱讀:500

什么是搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪

 

搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪,是指用暴力、脅迫或其他方法強行奪取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)的行為。

 

搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪構(gòu)成要件

 

一、主體要件

 

本罪的主體是一般主體,凡具備刑事責(zé)任能力的人即可構(gòu)成本罪的主體。依據(jù)刑法總則的規(guī)定,已滿14周歲未滿16周歲的人,犯故意殺人、故意傷害致人重傷或者死亡、強奸、搶劫、販賣毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒罪的,應(yīng)當(dāng)負刑事責(zé)任。雖然此款排除了已滿14周歲未滿16周歲的未成年人成為本罪的主體,然而,本罪與刑法第二百六十三條之間的關(guān)系是特別法與普通法之間的關(guān)系。根據(jù)刑法相關(guān)理論,已滿14周歲不滿16周歲的公民,若實施以暴力、脅迫或其他方法強行奪取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)的行為者,應(yīng)當(dāng)依照刑法第二百六十三條的規(guī)定,以搶劫罪追究其刑事責(zé)任。

 

二、主觀要件

 

本罪在主觀方面表現(xiàn)為故意犯罪,即明知是槍支、彈藥、爆炸物而搶劫。如果行為人不知是槍支、彈藥、爆炸物而加以搶奪的,不構(gòu)成本罪。例如,出于搶劫財物的目的,而搶劫的卻是槍支、彈藥、爆炸物,仍構(gòu)成搶劫罪。關(guān)于行為人搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)的動機,可能是各種各樣的,如有的是為了實施違法犯罪活動,有的則是為了收藏防身,還有的可能是出于好奇。不同的動機對定罪沒有影響。

 

三、客體要件

 

本罪侵犯的客體是復(fù)雜客體,即公共安全和公民的人身權(quán)利。本罪的犯罪對象是槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)。根據(jù)《中華人民共和國槍支管理法》的規(guī)定,槍支,是指以火藥或者壓縮氣體等為動力,利用管狀器具發(fā)射金屬彈丸或者其他物質(zhì),足以致人傷亡或者喪失知覺的各種槍支,包括軍用槍支、民用槍支和公務(wù)用槍;彈藥是指供上述槍支所用的各種彈藥;爆炸物是指軍用的或者民用的各種爆炸品如雷管、炸藥、雷汞等。

 

四、客觀要件

 

本罪在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為對槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)的所有者、持有者或保管者當(dāng)場使用暴力、脅迫或者其他方法,強行將槍支、彈藥、爆炸物搶走的行為。

 

暴力,是指對槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的所有人、持有人或保管人實行身體強制,如毆打、捆綁、傷害、禁閉等強暴行為,使其反抗能力受到一定程度的限制,危害其人身安全的手段。暴力必須是針對槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的所有者、持有者或保管者的人身當(dāng)場采取的打擊或強制。

 

脅迫,是指行為人以立即實施暴力相威脅,對槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的所有者、持有者或保管者實行精神強制,使其產(chǎn)生恐怖,不敢反抗,被迫當(dāng)場交出槍支、彈藥、爆炸物或者任槍支、彈藥、爆炸物當(dāng)場被劫走的手段。脅迫的方式是多種多樣的,有語言的、動作的等。行為人當(dāng)面向槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的所有者、持有者或保管者發(fā)出脅迫,脅迫的內(nèi)容是以立即實施暴力相威脅。脅迫的內(nèi)容是現(xiàn)實的,即如遇反抗會立即將暴力付諸實現(xiàn)。脅迫的目的是為了劫取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物。

 

其他方法,是指采取暴力、脅迫之外的,與暴力、脅迫方法相當(dāng)?shù)模箻屩А椝帯⒈ㄎ锏乃姓摺⒊钟姓呋虮9苷卟恢纯埂⒉荒芊纯够蛘卟桓曳纯沟姆椒ā乃痉▽嵺`中看,其他方法如用酒灌醉、用藥物麻醉、使用催眠術(shù)、電擊或用石灰迷眼等。應(yīng)當(dāng)指出的是,使被害人處于不知反抗、不能反抗、不敢反抗的狀態(tài),必須是由犯罪分子實施了其他方法而直接造成的。如果說不是由犯罪分子的行為所致,則是由于被害人自己或與犯罪分子無共同故意的第三者的原因,使被害人處于不知反抗、不能反抗或不敢反抗的狀態(tài),犯罪分子利用被害人的這種狀態(tài),乘機將槍支、彈藥、爆炸物拿走,只能構(gòu)成盜竊槍支、彈藥、爆炸物罪,而不能以本罪論處。

 

行為人無論采用上述哪種手段,都不影響本罪的成立。不過,搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪犯罪客觀方面的認定,應(yīng)以行為人實施犯罪時實際采取的手段為準(zhǔn),而不能以行為人事先預(yù)備的手段為準(zhǔn)。實踐中,行為人事先作了盜竊槍支、彈藥、爆炸物與搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)兩種準(zhǔn)備,攜帶兇器潛人作案地點,發(fā)現(xiàn)無人或值班人員熟睡,于是偷走槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的,以盜竊槍支、彈藥、爆炸物罪論處。同理,如果行為人事先只是作盜竊槍支、彈藥、爆炸物準(zhǔn)備,在迸入現(xiàn)場實施盜竊的過程中,驚醒值班人員并近其反抗,行為人則當(dāng)場使用暴力、脅迫或其他手段將槍支、彈藥、爆炸物劫走、則構(gòu)成搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪。至于搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪的作案場所,無論是公共場所、荒郊野外,攔路搶劫、入室搶劫,還是空中、海上,都不影響本罪的成立。

 

 

搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪認定

 

1、本罪與盜竊、搶奪槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪的界限

 

在本法規(guī)定搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪之前,司法實踐中常常碰到搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)是按搶劫罪還是搶奪槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪定罪處罰的分歧意見。搶劫和搶奪是不同的概念,一方面,二者在犯罪的客觀方面表現(xiàn)不同,前者是以暴力、脅迫或其他方法強行劫取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì),后者是行為人乘人不備,公然奪取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì);另一方面,二者的法定刑不同。前者最低刑是 10年有期徒刑,最高刑是死刑,而后者最低刑是3年有期徒刑,只有情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,才可判處死刑。

 

2、注意區(qū)分本罪與故意殺人罪的界限

 

本罪與故意殺人罪,是兩個性質(zhì)不同的犯罪。但它們之間有一定的聯(lián)系,主要表現(xiàn)在:

 

(1)本罪雖然主要侵犯的是公共安全,但同時又侵犯了財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)和公民的人身權(quán)利,而公民的人身權(quán)利包括公民的生命權(quán)利。因此,本罪的犯罪客體與故意殺人罪的犯罪客體間存在包容關(guān)系。

 

(2)本罪的行為方式是暴力、脅迫或者其他方法,故意殺人罪的行為方式,可以是暴力的,也可以是非暴力的,因此,在犯罪的行為方式上,二者之間也存在交叉關(guān)系。

 

(3)本罪一般是先使用暴力、脅迫或者其他方法,而后取得槍支、彈藥、爆炸物,使用暴力,劫取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物都是故意的;故意殺人罪,行為人殺人后,劫走被害人的財物(包括槍支、彈藥、爆炸物)的情況也是很常見的,其殺人、劫物也都是故意的。

 

它們的區(qū)別在于:

 

(1)犯罪客體不同:前者的客體是復(fù)雜客體,即既侵犯了公共安全,又侵害了公民的人身權(quán)利和財產(chǎn)所有權(quán),后者的客體是單一客體,即只侵害了公民的生命權(quán)利。

 

(2)犯罪目的不同。前者是為了非法劫取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物,侵犯公民的人身權(quán)利,是非法劫取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的一種手段,二者之間存在目的與手段的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系;后者的犯罪目的,是非法剝奪他人的生命權(quán)利。

 

 

搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的,或者搶劫毒害性、放射性、傳染病病原體等物質(zhì),危害公共安全的,處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

 

搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪立案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

盜竊槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪,是以對特定的占有物為目標(biāo),采取秘密獲取的方式,將槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物資據(jù)為己有的行為。

搶奪槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪,也是以對特定的占有物為目標(biāo)、乘人不備,公然奪取槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)的行為。

 

行為人以占有槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)為目的而盜竊、搶奪的行為,是嚴(yán)重危害公共安全,侵害槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)的管理規(guī)定,客觀表現(xiàn)為其有盜竊、搶奪槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)的行為,行為人只要具備盜竊或者搶奪的行為之一,就構(gòu)成本罪,應(yīng)予以立案追訴。

 

搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物、危險物質(zhì)罪法條及司法解釋

《刑法》第一百二十七條第二款  搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物或者搶劫毒害性、放射性、傳染病病原體等物質(zhì),危害公共安全的,或者盜竊、搶依奪國家機關(guān)、軍警人員、民兵的槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的,處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。


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