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醫(yī)療事故罪 -醫(yī)療事故罪量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

發(fā)布日期:2024-02-21 閱讀:742

什么是醫(yī)療事故罪

醫(yī)療事故罪,是指醫(yī)務(wù)人員由于嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任,造成就診人死亡或者嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康的行為。

 

醫(yī)療事故罪的構(gòu)成要件

(一)客體要件

 

本罪侵犯的客體是醫(yī)療單位的工作秩序,以及公民的生命健康權(quán)利。犯罪對(duì)象是生命健康安全正遭受病魔侵害的病人。所以,倘若救治措施不能客觀上起到控制病情發(fā)展的作用,則必然由于病情發(fā)展而引起人體健康的更大損害,直至導(dǎo)致傷殘、功能障礙和死亡結(jié)果。

 

(二)客觀要件

 

本罪在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任,造成就診人死亡或者嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康的行為。具體而言,包括以下幾個(gè)方面:

 

1、醫(yī)務(wù)人員在診療護(hù)理工作中有嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為

 

嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任,是指在診療護(hù)理工作中違反規(guī)章制度和診療護(hù)理常規(guī)。

 

這里的規(guī)章制度,是指與保障就診人的生命、健康安全有關(guān)的診療護(hù)理方面的規(guī)章制度,包括診斷、處方、麻醉、手術(shù)、輸血、護(hù)理、化驗(yàn)、消毒、醫(yī)囑、查房等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的規(guī)程、規(guī)則、守則、制度、職責(zé)要求,等等。醫(yī)療事故案件中常見的違反規(guī)章制度的情況有:錯(cuò)用藥物、錯(cuò)治病人、錯(cuò)報(bào)輸血、錯(cuò)報(bào)病情、擅離職守、交接班草率、當(dāng)班失職等。診療護(hù)理常規(guī),是指長期以來在診療護(hù)理實(shí)踐中被公認(rèn)的行之有效的操作習(xí)慣與慣例。各項(xiàng)診療操作和護(hù)理,均有一定的操作規(guī)程的要求,這些規(guī)程是為了保障操作穩(wěn)準(zhǔn),避免失誤而制定的,在診療操作和護(hù)理工作中必須遵照?qǐng)?zhí)行,否則就有可能導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療事故的發(fā)生。

 

2、因嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任行為導(dǎo)致病人嚴(yán)重?fù)p害身體健康或死亡的結(jié)果

 

危害結(jié)果的大小是衡量違法行為社會(huì)危害性的大小和區(qū)分罪與非罪的客觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn),構(gòu)成本罪在客觀上必須要求發(fā)生了病人重傷或死亡的結(jié)果。嚴(yán)重?fù)p害身體健康是指按照1987年國務(wù)院頒布的醫(yī)療事故處理辦法第六條所稱的二級(jí)醫(yī)療事故和三級(jí)醫(yī)療事故。二級(jí)醫(yī)療事故,是指造成就診人嚴(yán)重殘疾或者嚴(yán)重功能障礙的;三級(jí)醫(yī)療事故是造成就診人殘廢或者功能障礙的。

 

3、嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任行為與病員重傷、死亡之間必須存在刑法上的因果關(guān)系

 

醫(yī)療傷亡結(jié)果之形成不同于一般加害事件之處在于。后者是加害行為本身直接引起人體機(jī)體損傷,而前者則多是由于醫(yī)療措施未能有效阻止病情發(fā)展而導(dǎo)致病情惡化而引起傷殘或死亡,或者是醫(yī)療措施對(duì)人體侵害直接引起病人傷亡,或者由于醫(yī)療措施客觀上加重了病情,促使病人傷亡,可見醫(yī)療傷亡結(jié)果的出現(xiàn)既同原患疾病有關(guān),又同醫(yī)療行為有關(guān)。違章醫(yī)療行為對(duì)病情的實(shí)際作用可以是四種,即有效、無效、反效、直接破壞人體。

 

(三)主體要件

 

本罪主體為特殊主體,是達(dá)到刑事責(zé)任年齡并具有刑事責(zé)任能力的實(shí)施了違章醫(yī)療行為的醫(yī)務(wù)人員。醫(yī)務(wù)人員是指具有一定醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)和醫(yī)療技能,取得行醫(yī)資格,直接從事醫(yī)療護(hù)理工作的人員,包括醫(yī)院醫(yī)務(wù)人員及經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的個(gè)體行醫(yī)者。由于醫(yī)務(wù)工作有極強(qiáng)的專業(yè)性、技術(shù)性和導(dǎo)致人身傷亡的危險(xiǎn)性,所以,國家衛(wèi)生行政管理機(jī)關(guān)向來十分重視對(duì)行醫(yī)者任職資格的考核,事實(shí)上只有具備一定醫(yī)療知識(shí)和技能,才能避免行醫(yī)的特殊危險(xiǎn)性,從而達(dá)到救死扶傷的目的。目前社會(huì)上存在一些既無醫(yī)療技能又未取得行醫(yī)許可證的非法行醫(yī)者,這些人不屬于醫(yī)療事故罪的主體。

 

(四)主觀要件

 

本罪在主觀方面表現(xiàn)為過失,即行為人主觀上對(duì)病人傷亡存在重大業(yè)務(wù)過失。在這里,本罪要求行為人主觀上存在重大過失而不是一般過失,即從主觀上過失程度之輕重來說,行為人主觀上存在嚴(yán)重過失。臨床醫(yī)療活動(dòng)本身有特殊的導(dǎo)致人身傷亡的危險(xiǎn)性,醫(yī)務(wù)人員稍有不慎即會(huì)發(fā)生不幸后果,如果把一般過失行為確定為犯罪,于情理上有失公平、于法律上則有失于嚴(yán)苛。因此,本罪主觀方面是指存在業(yè)務(wù)過失而不是普通過失。醫(yī)務(wù)人員依照法律承擔(dān)救死扶傷的職責(zé),有義務(wù)對(duì)自己的醫(yī)療業(yè)務(wù)行為負(fù)責(zé),即對(duì)病人的生命健康安全負(fù)責(zé),而醫(yī)務(wù)人員的業(yè)務(wù)能力實(shí)際是指其業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)水平。

 

醫(yī)療事故罪的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

一、醫(yī)療事故罪與醫(yī)療差錯(cuò)的界限

 

醫(yī)療差錯(cuò),是指在診療護(hù)理工作中,醫(yī)務(wù)人員雖有違反規(guī)章制度、診療護(hù)理常規(guī)的失職行為或技術(shù)過失,但未給就診人造成死亡、殘廢、組織器官損傷導(dǎo)致功能障礙的不良后果的行為。醫(yī)療差錯(cuò),從產(chǎn)生的原因區(qū)分,可以分為醫(yī)療責(zé)任差錯(cuò)和醫(yī)療技術(shù)差錯(cuò)。其中,醫(yī)療責(zé)任差錯(cuò)與醫(yī)療事故罪容易混淆,二者都表現(xiàn)為醫(yī)務(wù)人員在診療護(hù)理工作中不負(fù)責(zé)任,違反規(guī)章制度或診療護(hù)理常規(guī)的行為。

 

區(qū)別在于所造成的后果不同。前者未造成就診人死亡、殘廢、組織器官損傷導(dǎo)致功能障礙的不良后果;后者則造成了就診人死亡或身體健康嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的后果。對(duì)于醫(yī)務(wù)人員由于嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任,造成醫(yī)療差錯(cuò)的,不能以醫(yī)療事故罪論處。

 

二、醫(yī)療事故罪與醫(yī)療意外的界限

 

醫(yī)療意外,是指由于病情或者病人體質(zhì)特殊而發(fā)生難以預(yù)料和防范的不良后果。它與醫(yī)療事故罪都可能發(fā)生就診人死亡或身體健康嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的后果,二者區(qū)別的關(guān)鍵在于主觀上有無過失。如果就診人死亡或身體健康嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,是因醫(yī)務(wù)人員責(zé)任心不強(qiáng),違反規(guī)章制度或診療常規(guī)造成的,則構(gòu)成醫(yī)療事故罪,如上述后果是因醫(yī)務(wù)人員難以預(yù)料或難以防范的因素所引起,由屬于醫(yī)療意外,不能以犯罪論處。醫(yī)療意外與醫(yī)療事故罪中的疏忽大意過失頗為相似,二者不但都發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重后果,而且對(duì)嚴(yán)重后果的發(fā)生都沒有預(yù)見。

 

二者的區(qū)別在于,疏忽大意過失對(duì)嚴(yán)重后果的發(fā)生是應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見而沒有預(yù)見,醫(yī)療意外是對(duì)嚴(yán)重后果的發(fā)生是難以預(yù)見而沒有預(yù)見。

 

 

醫(yī)療事故罪的量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

醫(yī)務(wù)人員由于嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任,造成就診人死亡或者嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康的,處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

 

醫(yī)療事故罪立案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

醫(yī)務(wù)人員由于嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任,造成就診人死亡或者嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康的,應(yīng)予立案追訴。具有下列情形之一的,屬于《刑法》第三百三十五條規(guī)定的 "嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任":

 

(一)擅離職守的;

 

(二)無正當(dāng)理由拒絕對(duì)危急就診人實(shí)行必要的醫(yī)療救治的;

 

(三)未經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)擅自開展試驗(yàn)性醫(yī)療的;

 

(四)嚴(yán)重違反查對(duì)、復(fù)核制度的;

 

(五)使用未經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)使用的藥品、消毒藥劑、醫(yī)療器械的;

 

(六)嚴(yán)重違反國家法律法規(guī)及有明確規(guī)定的診療技術(shù)規(guī)范、常規(guī)的;

 

(七)其他嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任的情形。

 

《刑法》第三百三十五條規(guī)定的 "嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康",是指造成就診人嚴(yán)重殘疾、重傷、感染艾滋病、病毒性肝炎等難以治愈的疾病或者其他嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康的后果。

 

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