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強奸罪

發布日期:2024-01-24 閱讀:1174

什么是強奸罪

強奸罪是指違背婦女意志,使用暴力、脅迫或者其他手段,強行與婦女發生性交的行為。

 

強奸罪的構成要件

(一)客體要件

本罪侵犯的是婦女性的不可侵犯的權利(又稱貞操權),即婦女按照自己的意志決定正當性行為的權利。犯罪對象是女性。

 

(二)客觀要件

(1)強奸罪客觀上必須具有使用暴力、脅迫或者其他手段,使婦女處于不能反抗、不敢反抗、不知反抗狀態或利用婦女處于不知、無法反抗的狀態而乘機實行奸淫的行為。

所謂暴力手段,是指不法對被害婦女的人身行使有形力的手段,即直接對被害婦女采取毆打、捆綁、堵嘴、卡脖子、按倒等危害人身安全或者人身自由,使婦女不敢反抗的手段。

 

所謂脅迫手段,是指對被害婦女進行威脅、恫嚇,達到精神上的強制,使婦女不敢反抗的手段,脅迫的核心是足以引起被害婦女的恐懼心理,使之不敢反抗,從而實現強行奸淫的意圖。既可以直接對婦女進行威脅,也可以通過第三者進行威脅,既可以是口頭脅迫,也可以是書面脅迫,既可以以暴力進行威脅,如持刀脅迫,也可以以非暴力進行威脅,如以揭發隱私、毀壞名譽相脅迫。需要注意的是,利用教養關系、從屬關系、職務權利等與婦女發生性交的,不能一律視為強奸。問題的關鍵在于行為人是否利用了這種特定關系進行脅迫而使婦女不敢反抗,而不在于有沒有這種特定關系。

 

所謂其他手段,是指采用暴力、脅迫以外的使被害婦女不知抗拒或者不能抗拒的手段,具有與暴力、脅迫相同的強制性質。司法實踐中常見的其他手段有:用酒灌醉或者藥物麻醉的方法強奸婦女;利用婦女熟睡之機進行強奸;冒充婦女的丈夫或者情夫進行強奸,利用婦女患重病之機進行強奸;造成或利用婦女處于孤立無援的狀態進行強奸;假冒治病強奸婦女;組織利用會道門、邪教組織或者利用迷信奸淫婦女等等。

 

(2)須違背婦女意志

違背婦女意志是強奸罪的本質特征,但是不能把“婦女不能抗拒”作為構成強奸罪的基本特征,它只是判斷是否違背婦女意志的客觀條件之一。由于犯罪分子在實施強奸時所采用的手段和所造成的客觀條件不同,對被害婦女的強制程度也相應的有所不同,因而被害婦女對犯罪行為的反抗形式和其他表現形式也是不一樣的:有的不顧一切進和劇烈的反抗;有的膽顫心驚地進行掙扎或者哀求,反抗不明顯;有的則瞻前顧后,沒有進行反抗,等等。所以,不能簡單地以被害婦女當時有無反抗表示,作為認定強奸罪的必要條件。對婦女未作反抗或者反抗表示不明顯的,要通觀全案,具體分析,精心區別。

 

認定是否違背婦女意志,也不能以被害婦女作風好壞來劃分。如果行為人使用暴力或者脅迫手段強行與生活作風不好的婦女發生性行為的,仍應以強奸罪論處。

 

(三)主體要件

本罪的主體是特殊主體,即年滿十四周歲具有刑事責任能力的男子,但在共同犯罪情況下,婦女教唆或者幫助男子強奸其他婦女的,以強奸罪的共犯論處。

 

(四)主觀要件

本罪在主觀方面表現為故意,并且具有奸淫的目的。是指犯罪分子意圖與被害婦女發生性交的行為。如果犯罪分子不具有奸淫目的,而是以性交以外的行為滿足性欲的,則就不能構成強奸婦女罪,如摳摸、摟抱的猥褻行為,構成犯罪的,則就以強制猥褻罪論處。

 

以明知婦女是不能正確表達自己意志的精神病人或有嚴重癡呆的人而與之性交的人,不管犯罪分子采取什么手段和被害婦女是否表示“同意”或“反抗”,都應視為違背婦女意志,構成強奸罪;對患有間歇性精神病婦女在精神病沒有發作期間同意與之發生性交行為的,不構成強奸罪;對確實不知道婦女是青春型精神病患者,在婦女的勾引下與之發生性交行為的,一般不宜以強奸罪論處;對確實不知道婦女患有較輕微的癡呆癥,在女方自愿或者在女方主動要求下與之發生性交行為的,不宜以犯罪論處。

 

強奸罪的認定

 

1、罪與非罪的界限

1)強奸罪與通奸行為

在男女發生性行為前,既不違背婦女意志,又無勉強女方變范的行為,雙方從內心到外部表現形式完全自愿,屬典型的通奸行為。即使事后,因被揭穿,女方為保住自己的臉面而告男方強奸,或因女方事后反悔而告男方強奸,均不能定強奸罪。

2)對“半推半就”的奸淫行為的認定

所謂半推半就,是指行為人與婦女發生性行為時,該婦女既有“就”的一面即同意的表現,又有“推”的一面即不同意的表現。應當全面審查男女雙方的關系怎樣,性行為發生的時間、地點、環境條件如何,行奸后婦女的態度如何,該婦女的道德品行、生活作風情況等等。如果查明“就”是主要的,則屬假推真就,不能視為違背婦女意志而以該罪治罪科刑。反之“推”是主要的,應認定為違背婦女意志,應當以強奸罪論處。

 

2、既遂與未遂的界限

中國司法實踐中是以“插入”為認定標準的,即男子的生殖器插入女子的體內為犯罪既遂。至于是否射精與既遂未遂無關。但有一個特例,如果強奸的是幼女,則以“接觸”為認定標準,即男子的生殖器與幼女的生殖器接觸就算犯罪既遂。

 

3、丈夫強奸妻子的司法認定

所謂婚內強奸,是指丈夫違背妻子意志以暴力、脅迫或者其他手段強行與之發生性關系的行為。婚內強奸這一現象在現實生活中并不陌生,法理上也一直存在著爭議。中國刑法原則上將在法定婚姻關系存續期間丈夫違背妻子的意愿、強行發生性關系的行為排除在強奸之外,造成傷害后果或者有虐待等其他嚴重情節的,可以以其他罪如故意傷害罪、虐待罪等論處。中國婚姻法只有有關家庭暴力的規定,其中并沒有涉及婚內強奸的條文。

通說觀點認為,由于有合法的夫妻關系的存在,一方有權利要求另一方履行性行為的義務(同居義務),即使丈夫的行為對妻子的性自由權利有侵害也不構成犯罪。在中國無論是立法還是執法,一般都不把丈夫強迫妻子性交視為強奸犯罪。

 

4、“強奸”男性的司法認定

刑法對于強奸罪的對象僅僅限定在女性,并未將強行與男性發生性關系進行法律規范。根據法無規定不為罪的原則,“強奸”男性行為并不構成犯罪,當然也不構成強奸罪。假如行為人把男的誤認為婦女而著手實行強奸,并且完成“強奸行為”,并不構成強奸罪。調查大多案例,法院判決大多是“故意傷害罪”。如果由于對象是男性而強奸不能的情況下,以強奸未遂定罪。視當時情況如果是故意輕傷,不存在犯罪未遂問題。重傷意圖非常明顯,且已經著手實行重傷行為,由于意志以外的原因未得逞的,應按故意重傷(未遂)論處。

 

5、認定強奸罪中的暴力、脅迫和其他手段

“暴力手段”,是指犯罪分子直接對被害婦女采用毆打、捆綁、卡脖子、按倒等危害人身安全或者人身自由,使婦女不能抗拒的手段。

“脅迫手段”,是指犯罪分子對被害婦女威脅、恫嚇,達到精神上的強制的手段。如:揚言行兇報復、揭發隱私、加害親屬等相威脅,利用迷信進行恐嚇、欺騙,利用教養關系、從屬關系、職權以及孤立無援的環境條件,進行挾制、迫害等,迫使婦女忍辱屈從,不敢抗拒。

 

有教養關系、從屬關系和利用職權與婦女發生性行為的,不能都視為強奸。行為人利用其與被害婦女之間特定的關系,迫使就范,如養(生)父以虐待、克扣生活費迫使養(生)女容忍其奸淫的;或者行為人利用職權,乘人之危,奸淫婦女的,都構成強奸罪。行為人利用職權引誘女方,女方基于互相利用與之發生性行為的,不定為強奸罪。

其他手段,是指犯罪分子用暴力、脅迫以外的手段,使被害婦女無法抗拒。例如:利用婦女患重病、熟睡之機,進行奸淫;以醉酒、藥物麻醉,以及利用或者假冒治病等等方法對婦女進行奸淫。

 

強奸罪的量刑標準

1、以暴力、脅迫或者其他手段強奸婦女的,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

2、奸淫不滿十四周歲的幼女的,以強奸論,從重處罰。

3、強奸婦女、奸淫幼女,有下列情形之一的,處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑:

(1)強奸婦女、奸淫幼女情節惡劣的;

(2)強奸婦女、奸淫幼女多人的;

(3)在公共場所當眾強奸婦女、奸淫幼女的;

(4)二人以上輪奸的;

(5)奸淫不滿十周歲的幼女或者造成幼女傷害的;

(6)致使被害人重傷、死亡或者造成其他嚴重后果的。

 

強奸罪立案標準

根據《刑法》第236條的規定,有下列兩種情形之一的,都應當以強奸罪立案追究:

(1)以暴力、脅迫或者其他手段強奸婦女的;

(2)奸淫不滿14周歲幼女的。

強奸罪是行為犯,只要行為人實施了強奸婦女或者奸淫幼女的行為,不論是否達到奸淫的目的,都應當立案追究。

 

 


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