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為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密罪

發(fā)布日期:2024-02-02 閱讀:542

為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密罪的概念

 

為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供 商業(yè)秘密罪,中華人民共和國刑法罪名,自2021年3月1日起施行。

 

為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密罪的構(gòu)成要件

 

一、客體要件

 

本罪侵犯的客體是國家的安全,即人民民主專政的政權(quán)和社會主義制度。保守國家秘密是憲法規(guī)定的中國公民的一項基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)。

 

二、客觀要件

 

本罪在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為為境外機構(gòu)、組織人員、竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報的行為。

 

境外,是指中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域以外或者領(lǐng)域以內(nèi)中華人民共和國政府尚未實施行政管轄的地域,包括尚未回到祖國懷抱的臺灣和1997年7月1日以前的香港地區(qū)、1999年12月31日以前的澳門地區(qū)。境外機構(gòu)、組織,是指回歸之前的臺灣、香港、漠門等地區(qū)和外國的機構(gòu)、組織及其在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)設(shè)立的分支(代表)機構(gòu)和分支組織。如外國的政府、軍隊以及其他國家機關(guān)在中國境內(nèi)設(shè)置的機構(gòu)、社團以及其他企事業(yè)組織,也包括外國駐華使、領(lǐng)館、辦事處,以及商社、新聞機構(gòu)等。境外個人,是指居住在外國和回歸之前的臺灣、香港、澳門等地區(qū)的人,以及居住在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)不具有中華人民共和國國籍的人。這里所說的居住,不論是否取得永久居住權(quán)或長期居住權(quán),還是短期居住,都應(yīng)視為居住。

 

竊取,是指使用秘密手段盜竊屬于國家秘密或者情報的資料或物品的行為。刺探,是指通過各種渠道、使用各種手段,非法探知國家秘密或者情報資料的行為。收買,是指用金錢、色情和其他物質(zhì)利益等手段向掌握國家秘密或者情報的人員獲取國家秘密或者情報資料或者物品的行為。非法提供,是指國家秘密持有者或知悉者非法出賣、交付、告知其他不應(yīng)知悉該項國家秘密或者情報的人的行為。

 

國家秘密是指關(guān)系國家的安全和利益,依法定程序確定、在一定時間內(nèi)只限于一定范圍的人員知悉的事項。它是包括國家事務(wù)的重大決策、國防建設(shè)和武裝力量活動、外交和外事活動、國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展、科學(xué)技術(shù)、維護(hù)國家安全活動和追究刑事犯罪活動方面以及其他經(jīng)國家保密工作部門確定應(yīng)當(dāng)保守的國家秘密事項。

 

《刑法》第二百一十九條之一 規(guī)定有竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供4個具體行為。只要行為人實施上述行為其中之一的,就構(gòu)成犯罪。如果行為人實施上述行為時被抓獲,實際上未能最終獲取國家秘密或情報,或者未能完成非法提供的行為時,也應(yīng)構(gòu)成本罪未遂。

 

三、主體要件

本罪主體為一般主體。凡達(dá)到刑事責(zé)任年齡具備刑事責(zé)任能力的中國公民均可構(gòu)成,外國人、無國籍人不構(gòu)成本罪。

 

四、主觀要件

本罪在主觀方面表現(xiàn)為故意。

 

為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密罪的認(rèn)定

對于為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密、情報罪的認(rèn)定。首先應(yīng)查明行為人所竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供的是否屬于國家秘密或者情報的范圍,不能把一切未公開的情況、信息都列入國家秘密或者情報的范圍。其次,應(yīng)與正常的信息、情報交流區(qū)別開,根據(jù)《保守國家秘密法》的規(guī)定,在對外交往與合作中經(jīng)國家有關(guān)部門依照法定程序?qū)徟c境外機構(gòu)、組織、人員互換情報、交流資料和信息,是合法行為。

 

為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密罪的量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

 

1、為境外的機構(gòu)、組織、人員竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密的,處五年以下有期徒刑,并處或者單處罰金;情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,處五年以上有期徒刑,并處罰金。

2、單位犯本罪的,對單位判處罰金,并對其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員,依照上述規(guī)定處罰。

 

為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密罪的立案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

 

只要行為人實施了竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供4個具體行為其中之一的,就構(gòu)成犯罪。如果行為人實施上述行為時被抓獲,實際上未能最終獲取國家秘密或情報,或者未能完成非法提供的行為時,也應(yīng)構(gòu)成本罪未遂。

如果行為人不是接受間諜組織及其代理人的任務(wù)而為境外機構(gòu)、組織、人員竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報的,則構(gòu)成本罪。如果行為人不是接受間諜組織及其代理人的任務(wù)而為境外機構(gòu)、組織、人員竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報的,則構(gòu)成本罪。

 

為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供商業(yè)秘密罪的司法解釋

 

最高人民法院《關(guān)于審理為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密、情報案件具體應(yīng)用法律若干問題的解釋》

為依法懲治為境外的機構(gòu)、組織、人員竊取、刺探、收買、非法 提供國家秘密、情報犯罪活動,維護(hù)國家安全和利益,根據(jù)刑法有關(guān)規(guī)定,現(xiàn)就審理這類案件具體應(yīng)用法律的若于問題解釋如下:

第一條 刑法第一百一十一條規(guī)定的“國家秘密”,是指《中華人民共和國保守國家秘密法》第二條、第八條以及《中華人民共和國保守國家秘密法實施辦法》第四條確定的事項。

刑法第一百一十一條規(guī)定的“情報”,是指關(guān)系國家安全和利益、尚未公開或者依照有關(guān)規(guī)定不應(yīng)公開的事項。 對為境外機構(gòu)、組織、人員竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密之外的情報的行為,以為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供情報罪定罪處罰。

 

第二條 為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報,具有下列情形之一的,屬于“情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重”,處十年以上有期徒刑、 無期徒刑,可以并處沒收財產(chǎn):

 

(一)為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供絕密級國家秘密的;

(二)為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供三項以上機密級國家秘密的;

(三)為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報,對國家安全和利益造成其他特別嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的。實施前款行為,對國家和人民危害特別嚴(yán)重、情節(jié)特別惡劣的,可以判處死刑,并處沒收財產(chǎn)。

 

第三條 為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報,具有下列情形之一的,處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑,可以并處沒收財產(chǎn):

(一)為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供機密級國家秘密的;

(二)為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供三項以上秘密級國家秘密的;

(三)為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密或者情報,對國家安全和利益造成其他嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的。

 

第四條 為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供秘密級國家秘密或者情報,屬于“情節(jié)較輕”,處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利,可以并處沒收財產(chǎn)。

 

第五條 行為人知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道沒有標(biāo)明密級的事項關(guān)系國家安全和利益,而為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供的,依照刑法第一百一十一條的規(guī)定以為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密罪定罪處罰。

 

第六條 通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將國家秘密或者情報非法發(fā)送給境外的機構(gòu)、組織、個人的,依照刑法第一百一十一條的規(guī)定定罪處罰;將國家秘密通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)予以發(fā)布,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,依照刑法第三百九十八條的規(guī)定定罪處罰。

 

第七條 審理為境外竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國家秘密案件,需要對有關(guān)事項是否屬于國家秘密以及屬于何種密級進(jìn)行鑒定的,由國家保密工作部門或者省、自治區(qū)、直轄市保密工作部門鑒定。

第八條 

 

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