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強(qiáng)迫交易罪

發(fā)布日期:2024-02-19 閱讀:736

什么是強(qiáng)迫交易罪

 

強(qiáng)迫交易罪,是指以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣商品、強(qiáng)迫他人提供服務(wù)或者強(qiáng)迫他人接受服務(wù),情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。

 

強(qiáng)迫交易罪構(gòu)成要件

 

(一)客體要件

本罪不僅侵犯了交易相對(duì)方的合法權(quán)益,而且侵犯了商品交易市場(chǎng)秩序。商品交易是在平等民事主體之間發(fā)生的法律關(guān)系,應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循市場(chǎng)交易中的自愿與公平原則。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,交易雙方強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣、強(qiáng)迫他人提供服務(wù)或者強(qiáng)迫他人接受服務(wù)的現(xiàn)象時(shí)有發(fā)生,這種行為違背了市場(chǎng)交易原則,破壞了市場(chǎng)交易秩序,侵害了消費(fèi)者或經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益。如果行為人以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)行交易,就具有了嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)危害性,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,應(yīng)依法追究刑事責(zé)任。

 

(二)客觀要件

本罪在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣商品、強(qiáng)迫他人提供服務(wù)或者強(qiáng)迫他人接受服務(wù),情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。

 

所謂暴力,是指對(duì)被強(qiáng)迫人的人身或財(cái)產(chǎn)實(shí)際強(qiáng)制或打擊,如毆打、捆綁、抱住、圍困、傷害或者砸毀其財(cái)物等;所謂威脅、是指對(duì)被害人實(shí)際精神強(qiáng)制,以加害其人身、毀壞其財(cái)物、揭露其隱私、破壞其名譽(yù)、加害其親屬等相要挾。其方式則可以是言語(yǔ),也可以是動(dòng)作,甚至利用某種特定的危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境進(jìn)行脅迫。無(wú)論是暴力還是威脅,都意在使其不敢反抗而被迫答應(yīng)交易。他人不愿意購(gòu)買或出賣商品或者提供或接受服務(wù)時(shí),如果采取利誘、欺騙等非暴力威脅方法要求交易,則不能以本罪論處。暴力、威脅直接與交易相關(guān),意在促使交易的實(shí)現(xiàn)。如果不是出于這一目的,而在交易活動(dòng)之外實(shí)施暴力、威脅行為的,自然不能以本罪論處。

 

違背他人意志,強(qiáng)迫他人與己或者第三人交易是本罪的本質(zhì)特征。所謂違背他人意志,是指他人不想向其購(gòu)買商品而強(qiáng)行其購(gòu)買,他人不愿出賣商品強(qiáng)迫其出賣、他人不肯提供服務(wù),強(qiáng)迫他人提供,他人不愿意接受服務(wù)則強(qiáng)迫其接受。所謂服務(wù),是指各種營(yíng)業(yè)性的服務(wù),如住宿、運(yùn)輸、餐飲、維修、打掃衛(wèi)生、送灌煤氣、托運(yùn)家具、提供鐘點(diǎn)工等等,應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,對(duì)于強(qiáng)迫他人出賣商品或者提供服務(wù),他人一般應(yīng)是在從事商品的出賣或營(yíng)利性服務(wù)的工作。如果他人并未從事這種營(yíng)利性的工作,而強(qiáng)迫他人將自己所有的某種商品如祖?zhèn)髦镔u給自己或者強(qiáng)行沒(méi)有從事搬送煤氣的人為自己搬送煤氣、未從事飲食、住宿的人提供飲食、住宿,則不能以本罪論處。此外,服務(wù)應(yīng)是合法的營(yíng)利性的服務(wù),倘若不是合法的服務(wù),如強(qiáng)行為己提供賣淫、賭博等非法服務(wù)或者為己洗腳、倒尿等侮辱性服務(wù),則也不能構(gòu)成本罪,構(gòu)成犯罪的,應(yīng)以他罪論處。

 

本罪屬情節(jié)犯,只有在強(qiáng)迫他人交易的行為達(dá)到情節(jié)嚴(yán)重時(shí)才能構(gòu)成。情節(jié)不屬嚴(yán)重、即使實(shí)施了強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣行為,也不能以本罪論處。所謂情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,主要是指多次強(qiáng)迫交易的;實(shí)施強(qiáng)迫交易非法獲得數(shù)額較大的;造成惡劣影響的結(jié)伙實(shí)行強(qiáng)迫交易的;手段惡劣的;強(qiáng)迫外國(guó)人交易的;強(qiáng)迫交易內(nèi)容低劣的;等。

 

(三)主體要件

本罪主體為一般主體。凡達(dá)到刑事責(zé)任年齡且具備刑事責(zé)任能力的自然人均能構(gòu)成本罪,依《刑法》第231條之規(guī)定,單位亦能構(gòu)成本罪。單位犯本罪的,實(shí)行兩罰制,即對(duì)單位判處罰金,對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員依本條規(guī)定追究刑事責(zé)任。

 

(四)主觀要件

本罪在主觀方面表現(xiàn)為直接故意,間接故意與過(guò)失不構(gòu)成本罪。

 

強(qiáng)迫交易罪認(rèn)定

 

(一)強(qiáng)迫交易罪與一般違法行為的界限

強(qiáng)迫交易行為屬一種擾亂市場(chǎng)管理秩序的違法行為,這種行為在商品交易或服務(wù)交易中并不鮮見(jiàn),因此,《刑法》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱本法)為了不致于打擊面過(guò)大,而規(guī)定了強(qiáng)行商品交易行為必須達(dá)到情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的程度才能構(gòu)成犯罪。所謂情節(jié)嚴(yán)重,應(yīng)當(dāng)包括以下幾點(diǎn):

 

1、促成不公平交易,非法獲利數(shù)額較大的;

2、多次強(qiáng)迫父易的;

3、社會(huì)影響惡劣的;

4、給被害人及家庭引起較為嚴(yán)重后果的;

5、強(qiáng)迫交易嚴(yán)重?cái)_亂市場(chǎng)的;

6、二人以上共同實(shí)施強(qiáng)迫交易的。

 

行為人用輕微的威脅手段進(jìn)行強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣、強(qiáng)迫他人接受或提供服務(wù),行為很有節(jié)制、獲利很有限的,情節(jié)顯著輕微、危害不大的,屬于一般違法行為,不能認(rèn)為是犯罪。

 

(二)強(qiáng)迫交易罪的“交易中”之條件的認(rèn)定

本罪必須發(fā)生在商品交易或服務(wù)交易中,行為人與被害人之間有交易事實(shí)存在,雖然這種不平等交易,是一方強(qiáng)求另一方接受的交易。如果沒(méi)有這種交易存在,行為人以非法占有為目的,當(dāng)場(chǎng)使用暴力、脅迫或其他方法,強(qiáng)行立即劫取財(cái)物的,應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)定為是搶劫行為,而不構(gòu)成強(qiáng)迫交易罪。

 

(三)一罪與數(shù)罪的界限

強(qiáng)迫交易罪在實(shí)施過(guò)程中,因行為人的暴力可能致人傷亡。如果致人傷亡的,盡管在強(qiáng)迫交易罪與傷害(包括故意與過(guò)失)、殺人(故意與過(guò)失)罪之間有牽連關(guān)系,但是不應(yīng)當(dāng)以牽連犯處罰原則處理,而應(yīng)當(dāng)分別定罪量刑,以數(shù)罪并罰的原則處罰。理由主要在于,強(qiáng)迫交易罪的法定罪高刑為有期徒刑三年,法定刑期是較低的,可見(jiàn)其中沒(méi)有包含牽連他罪并以一罪處斷的刑期,也就是說(shuō),如果遇到牽連犯他罪而以強(qiáng)迫交易處罰時(shí),其三年的最高刑吸收不了他罪之刑,因而如以一罪處斷將罰不消罪、依罪刑相適應(yīng)原則,應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)此種情況作數(shù)罪并罰處理。

 

強(qiáng)迫交易罪量刑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

 

1、以暴力、威脅手段,實(shí)施下列行為之一,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并處或者單處罰金;情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的,處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并處罰金:

(1)強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣商品的;

(2)強(qiáng)迫他人提供或者接受服務(wù)的;

(3)強(qiáng)迫他人參與或者退出投標(biāo)、拍賣的;

(4)強(qiáng)迫他人轉(zhuǎn)讓或者收購(gòu)公司、企業(yè)的股份、債券或者其他資產(chǎn)的;

(5)強(qiáng)迫他人參與或者退出特定的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的。

 

2、單位犯本罪的,對(duì)單位判處罰金,并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員,依照上述規(guī)定處罰。

 

強(qiáng)迫交易罪立案標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

 

以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣商品,強(qiáng)迫他人提供服務(wù)或者接受服務(wù),涉嫌下列情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案追訴:

(一)造成被害人輕微傷的;

(二)造成直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失二千元以上的;

(三)強(qiáng)迫交易三次以上或者強(qiáng)迫三人以上交易的;

(四)強(qiáng)迫交易數(shù)額一萬(wàn)元以上,或者違法所得數(shù)額二千元以上的;

(五)強(qiáng)迫他人購(gòu)買偽劣商品數(shù)額五千元以上,或者違法所得數(shù)額一千元以上的;

(六)其他情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的情形。

 

以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)迫他人參與或者退出投標(biāo)、拍賣,強(qiáng)迫他人轉(zhuǎn)讓或者收購(gòu)公司、企業(yè)的股份、債券或者其他資產(chǎn),強(qiáng)迫他人參與或者退出特定的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),具有多次實(shí)施、手段惡劣、造成嚴(yán)重后果或者惡劣社會(huì)影響等情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案追訴。

 

強(qiáng)迫交易罪法條及司法解釋

 

1、最高人民檢察院、公安部《關(guān)于公安機(jī)關(guān)管轄的刑事案件立案追訴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定(一)》

第二十八條 以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣商品、強(qiáng)迫他人提供服務(wù)或者強(qiáng)迫他人接受服務(wù),涉嫌下列情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案追訴:

(一)造成被害人輕微傷或者其他嚴(yán)重后果的;

(二)造成直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失二千元以上的;

(三)強(qiáng)迫交易三次以上或者強(qiáng)迫三人以上交易的;

(四)強(qiáng)迫交易數(shù)額一萬(wàn)元以上,或者違法所得數(shù)額二千元以上的;

(五)強(qiáng)迫他人購(gòu)買偽劣商品數(shù)額五千元以上,或者違法所得數(shù)額一千元以上的;

(六)其他情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的情形。

 

2、最高人民檢察院、公安部《關(guān)于公安機(jī)關(guān)管轄的刑事案件立案追訴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定(一)的補(bǔ)充規(guī)定》

 

五、將《立案追訴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(一)》第二十八條修改為:以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣商品,強(qiáng)迫他人提供服務(wù)或者接受服務(wù),涉嫌下列情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案追訴:

(一)造成被害人輕微傷的;

(二)造成直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失二千元以上的;

(三)強(qiáng)迫交易三次以上或者強(qiáng)迫三人以上交易的;

(四)強(qiáng)迫交易數(shù)額一萬(wàn)元以上,或者違法所得數(shù)額二千元以上的;

(五)強(qiáng)迫他人購(gòu)買偽劣商品數(shù)額五千元以上,或者違法所得數(shù)額一千元以上的;

(六)其他情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的情形。

 

以暴力、威脅手段強(qiáng)迫他人參與或者退出投標(biāo)、拍賣,強(qiáng)迫他人轉(zhuǎn)讓或者收購(gòu)公司、企業(yè)的股份、債券或者其他資產(chǎn),強(qiáng)迫他人參與或者退出特定的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),具有多次實(shí)施、手段惡劣、造成嚴(yán)重后果或者惡劣社會(huì)影響等情形之一的,應(yīng)予立案追訴。

 

 

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